daigremontiana leaves under different hormone and drought stress treatments.
The expression patterns of the KdN41 gene were also examined in K.
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In this study, the full cDNA and promoter sequences of KdN41 were sequenced and the characteristics of putatively encoded proteins were analyzed using bioinformatics tools.
Here, we hypothesized that this gene may participate in drought stress signal perception, which could affect plant development in K. Among genes with modulated expression, the KdN41 gene, without a known function, was identified. Different gene expression patterns in leaves between light drought stress and well-watered plants were identified by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) technology 16. daigremontiana leaf margin under light drought stress compared to well-watered conditions, which allowed us to study the regulatory mechanisms between development and drought resistance. Previously, we observed an interesting scenario regarding an increased number of plantlets along the K. It is of great interest to understand how plantlet morphogenesis is maintained while environmental stress continues to apply pressure. daigremontiana succulent leaf structure shows impressive tolerance in drought and high-temperature environments 15. Kalanchoe ( K.) daigremontiana is a model plant for studying photosynthetic activity in crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species and plantlet morphogenesis along the dentate leaf margin 13, 14. In addition, many studies have also indicated that cross-talk between growth and stress hormone signaling can result in developmental arrest and enhancement of plant survival, allowing propagation of the species 11, 12. Many transcription factor (TF) family genes and microRNA (miR) genes such as miR398 and miR393 have been shown to improve plant abiotic resistance by manipulating downstream stress resistance gene expression via hormone signaling 9, 10. Characterization of the regulatory mechanisms of plants under abiotic stresses (drought, salt, and temperature stress) increases our understanding by considering abiotic resistance in plants as a specific event during the developmental process 5, 6, 7, 8. Thus, having a flexible growth system to adapt to a rapidly changing environment is the key in a variety of plant species 2, 3, 4. Plant growth relies on balancing propagation and survival in a rapidly changing habitat since the plant is a stationary system that cannot escape an inhospitable environment, unlike animals 1. Overall, the KdN41 gene plays roles in ROS scavenging and osmotic damage reduction to improve tobacco drought resistance, which may increase our understanding of the molecular network involved in developmental manipulation under drought stress in K. Surprisingly, by re-watering after drought stress, KdN41-overexpressing tobacco showed earlier flowering. The 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining results also showed less relative oxygen species (ROS) content in KdN41-overexpressing tobacco leaf during drought stress. Overexpression (OE) of the KdN41 gene conferred improved drought resistance in tobacco plants compared to wild-type and transformed with empty vector plants by inducing higher antioxidant enzyme activities, decreasing cell membrane damage, increasing abscisic acid (ABA) content, causing reinforced drought resistance related gene expression profiles.
Drought, salt, and heat stress treatment in tobacco plants containing the KdN41 gene promoter driving β-glucuronidase ( GUS) gene transcription revealed that only drought stress triggered strong GUS staining in the vascular tissues. The detected subcellular localization of a KdN41/Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP) fusion protein was in the nucleus and cell membrane. Here, we describe a novel KdNOVEL41 ( KdN41) gene that may confer drought resistance and could thereby affect K. Kalanchoe ( K.) daigremontiana is important for studying asexual reproduction under different environmental conditions.
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